New York Education & Teaching Degrees by the Numbers
Degree completions in education & teaching at institutions in New York have been growing over the past 5 years. In 2023, students completed 4,196 education & teaching-related degree programs that were offered by New York colleges and universities. That was an increase of 15% from completions reported in 2019.
Schools with Completions in Education & Teaching
Est. Total Completions in 2023
Est. Completions (Last 5 Years)
Private Colleges & Universities Offering Education & Teaching Degrees in New York
There are at least 50 four-year private schools serving New York, where students completed 1,774 education & teaching degree programs. Browse through the listing below to learn more about these private colleges offering four-year education & teaching programs in New York.
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Franklin offers more than 50 online bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and doctoral programs in New York. Franklin University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes part-time. Most students are adults and all education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 2 education & teaching degrees were completed nationwide.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
100%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Dominican University New York is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 4 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Monroe College is an institutionally for profit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are a mixture of traditional and adult aged and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 21 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Elmira College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 19 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Syracuse University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 1 education & teaching degree was completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Teachers College at Columbia University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 61 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Bank Street College of Education is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 65 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Marist College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 24 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
New York Institute of Technology is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and all education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 41 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
100%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Wagner College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 14 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Canisius College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 14 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
St. Thomas Aquinas College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 25 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Ithaca College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 21 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Alfred University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 22 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
The College of Saint Rose is a non-accredited nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 93 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Yeshiva University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 7 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Manhattan College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 16 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Manhattanville College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 37 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Long Island University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 58 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Nazareth College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 35 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Fordham University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and all education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 39 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
100%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
New York University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and most education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 187 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
77%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Mercy College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and all education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 140 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
100%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Mount Saint Mary College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 19 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Molloy College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 51 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
University of Rochester is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 5 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Adelphi University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 6 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Houghton University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 20 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Colgate University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 5 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Sarah Lawrence College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 5 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 7 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
St. Francis College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 17 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Skidmore College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 12 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Boricua College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are adults and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 30 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Hofstra University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 43 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
St. Joseph's University-New York is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 10 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Daemen University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 2 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
St. John's University-New York is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 94 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Bard College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 20 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Niagara University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 87 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Hobart William Smith Colleges is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 3 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Le Moyne College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 21 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Clarkson University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 18 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Russell Sage College is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 20 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Rochester Institute of Technology is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 29 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Iona University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 45 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
St Bonaventure University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and minimal education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 22 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
23%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Utica University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 42 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
St. John Fisher University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 63 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Pace University is an institutionally nonprofit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 132 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Public Colleges & Universities Offering Education & Teaching Degrees in New York
There are 22 four-year public colleges located in New York. About 166,626 students were enrolled in undergraduate programs, and about 2,396 education & teaching degrees were completed at public colleges in New York. Tuition shown reflects in-state rates.
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY Hunter College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 214 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY Queens College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 281 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY Buffalo State University is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and minimal education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 147 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
7%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY College at Plattsburgh is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and some education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 99 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
40%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
Empire State University is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes part-time. Most students are adults and some education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 61 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
39%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY City College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 125 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY at Albany is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and all education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 21 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
100%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY College at Potsdam is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and some education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 100 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
48%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY Oneonta is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 195 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY Lehman College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are a mixture of traditional and adult aged and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 62 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY College at Geneseo is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 68 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY Medgar Evers College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are a mixture of traditional and adult aged and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 9 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
College of Staten Island CUNY is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 75 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY Cortland is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and minimal education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 170 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
6%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY Brooklyn College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 341 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY College of Agriculture and Technology at Cobleskill is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 14 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY York College is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 24 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY College at Old Westbury is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 65 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
University at Buffalo is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and minimal education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 29 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
24%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
SUNY at Fredonia is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 51 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
State University of New York at Oswego is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 77 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
0%
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
State University of New York at New Paltz is an institutionally public school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and minimal education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 168 education & teaching degrees were completed.
Degree Completions for 2023
Est. Online Degree Availability
11%
Best Colleges for Education & Teaching Associate Degrees in New York
Looking for a 2-year school or community college in New York where you can earn an education & teaching degree? According to 2023 data from the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard, there was 1 two-year school where students completed 0 degree programs in education & teaching. Browse through the listing below to learn more about each of the community colleges in New York offering education & teaching associate degrees and courses. Tuition shown reflects in-state rates.
Avg. UG Tuition & Fees
School Type
Accredited
Non-Profit
CUNY Queensborough Community College is an institutionally for profit school where most students attend classes full-time. Most students are of traditional age and no education & teaching programs completed were offered online. In 2023, 28 education & teaching degrees were completed.